이스탄불 Tophane지구에 있는 Kılıç Ali Paşa Hamam은 더 큰 규모의 ‘külliye’종합단지의 일부인데, 1580년 오스만 제독 카르 잘리 알리 파샤를 위하여 건축가 시난에 의해 건립되었다.
오스만 제국 도시의 역사적인 항구에 독창적인 시대의 물리적 표현이라고 할 수 있는 Kılıç Ali Paşa Hamam은 단지 Tophane 지구 내 공공 공간의 일부일 뿐만 아니라 이 도시의 버려진 지역을 전반적으로 활성화 시켰다는 의미를 지닌다.
하맘의 건축은 주로 정통적인 벽돌 구조와 돔들 위에 외장재를 두른 리드 지붕, 내부에 천연 돌을 사용한 점을 특징으로 꼽을 수 있다.
메 인구조를 이루고 있는 벽과 돔, 아치에 대한 손상은 물과 서리, 식물 및 유지관리의 부족 등으로 인한 풍화 효과에 기인하고 있었는데 두꺼운 시멘트와 석고 역청 및 타일의 두꺼운 많은 층들은 원래의 리드외장재와 심각하게 훼손된 16세기 벽돌들 중 대다수를 교체하였다.
건물의 구조적 무결함은 부자연스러운 무게로 인해 파괴되어 비대칭하게 정착되었는데, 이로 인하여 수많은 지진의 영향을 더 민감하게 받게 되었다.
이 프로젝트는 구조가 지닌 본연의 특성을 보존하기 위해 원 건물에 쓰인 재료들을 사용하는 것뿐만 아니라 전통적인 돌 쌓기나, 목공예, 그리고 리드 목공 지붕 세공과 같이 커스텀된 구성 기술들을 혼합하였다. 이 건물을 위해 커스텀화된 벽돌과 전통 장식품, 특별한 창문과 독창적인 'horasani' 모르타르 혼합물들이 설계 및 특별 제작되었다.
Kılıç Ali Paşa Hamam 은 개별 요소들을 평가하기보다는 전체로써의 건물을 고려함으로써 전체적인 사고 방식으로 성공한 경우이다. 절대로 과학적 방법론을 멀리하지 않고 다양한 과학 분야의 전문가들을 한데 모아 진행한 잘리 알리 파샤 복원 작업은 원래의 신안 조각을 노출시키는 데 성공하였으며 찬란한 오스만 기념물을 현대 문화의 스포트라이트 아래 드러내었다.
reviewed by zhlee
The Kılıç Ali Paşa Hamam was constructed in 1580 by Master Architect Sinan, on behalf of Ottoman Admiral Kılıç Ali Paşa as part of a larger ‘külliye’ complex, in the Tophane district of Istanbul. As the physical manifestation of a unique period in the historical harbor of the Ottoman imperial city, the Kılıç Ali Paşa hamam has become not only part of public space again in the Tophane area, but also part of an overall revitalization of a previously derelict area in the city. 430 years of layered materials and debris, literally ‘embalming’ the surfaces and ‘burying’ the structure, had to be removed in order to identify and restitute the original Sinan building, thus relinking this 1st degree historical monument back to its origins.
Architects: Cafer Bozkurt Architecture
Location: Tophane, 34200 Beyoğlu/İstanbul, Turkey
Project Team: Sibel OZKARS, Architect, Defne BOZKURT, Architect, Archaeologist, Hasan YIRMIBESOGLU, Architect, Vedat KAYA, Draughtsman
Area: 935.0 sqm
Year: 2011
Photographs: Cengiz KARLIOVA, Ahmet ERTUG, Oguz MERIC, Ergin IREN, Sibel OZKARS
History Of Architecture: Dogan KUBAN, Prof. Dipl. Architect
Structural Engineering: Feridun CILI, Prof. Dr. MS Civil Engineer
Building Physics: Erol GURDAL, Prof. Dr. Dipl. Architect
Architectural Restoration: Sirin AKINCI, Dr. Restorator M. Architect
Mechanical Engineer: Coskun Ozbas Engineering
Electrical Engineer: 3A Engineering
Site Area: 865 m2
The architecture of the Hamam is mostly characterized by its authentic masonry construction, lead roof cladding on the domes, and use of natural stone on the interior. Damage of the main structural walls, domes and arches was mainly due to the weathering effects of water, frost, vegetation and lack of maintenance. Many heavy layers of cement, plaster, bitumen and tiles had replaced most of the original lead-cladding and severely damaged the 16th-century brickwork. This unnatural weight destroyed the building’s structural integrity, led to asymmetric settling and thus made it more susceptible to the damaging effects of numerous earthquakes.
This project incorporates custom construction techniques, such as traditional stonemasonry, woodworking and lead roof-workmanship, as well as the use of original building materials to preserve the original character of the structure. Custom-made bricks, traditional ornaments, special windows and the unique ‘horasani’ mortar mixture were designed and produced specifically for this building.
In terms of new constructions and materials used in the Hamam, contemporary design and aesthetic compatibility of new and old was key, such as the zinc cladding and steel construction used in the new service addition in the back garden. The former water storage and original heating space is correspondingly converted into the modern technical center utilizing new mechanical and electrical installations without damaging the original architecture. Natural ventilation is used for the exchange of used air to the outside and circulation of fresh air within the building. The skylight on top of the main dome of the camegah allows used air to rise and flow out, thus forcing cool outside air to be drawn into the building naturally through window openings in the lower areas.
Great spatial deformation happened over the centuries inside the entrance-dressing space underneath the main dome. In the 16th-century interior, there were only stone divan platforms set against the walls where visitors would sit, hang their clothes on hooks and relax after bathing. Over time, demand for private places to dress and leave belongings influenced the interior architecture. Wooden dressing rooms were added, finally culminating in a full two-storey wood construction built in the 1950’s, concealing the interior walls and architectural details.
A crucial decision in this project was to recover the original Sinan period spatial experience underneath the main dome by removing these dominant 20th century additions. On the ground floor, the stone platforms are now fully visible and outfitted with seating and relaxing areas, thus regaining their lively social function, supported by kitchenette and service functions in the corners. A respectful mezzanine floor, built of solid oak and housing private dressing areas is featured above.
Finally, the Kılıç Ali Paşa Hamam shows a successful case of holistic thinking, considering the building as a whole, rather than just assessing individual elements. Never veering away from scientific methodology and bringing together specialists of various scientific fields (art and architectural historians, archaeologists, chemists), the Kılıç Ali Paşa restoration has succeeded in exposing an original Sinan piece and has brought a delightful Ottoman monument into the contemporary cultural spotlight.
from archdaily